TOPIK II · LEVEL 6
-(이)라고는
A particle that singles out a noun as 'the only thing of that kind' to stress that there is none or almost none: '(not) a single …, nothing in the way of … except …'. Emphatic, often with a note of complaint or sadness; spoken form -(이)라곤.
조사ParticlesHan: -(이)라고는 stresses scarcity, so it needs a negative or limiting predicate (없다, -뿐이다, -밖에 없다), not 많다.
Examples
이 마을에는 가게라고는 작은 슈퍼 하나밖에 없다.As for shops, this village has nothing but one small supermarket.
처음 서울에 올라왔을 때 그가 가진 것이라고는 낡은 가방 하나뿐이었다.When he first came up to Seoul, all he owned was one old bag.
요즘 아이들 방에서는 종이책이라곤 찾아볼 수가 없다.These days you can't find a single paper book in children's rooms.
Don’t mix up
-(이)라고는vsN도 없다N도 없다 is a neutral 'there isn't even …': 돈이 한 푼도 없다. 돈이라고는 한 푼도 없다 is stronger and more emotional.
-(이)라고는vs-밖에 없다-밖에 없다 alone says 'only': 친구가 한 명밖에 없다. With -(이)라고는 the scarcity is underlined: 친구라고는 한 명밖에 없다.
How to build it
N (consonant)+이라고는
N (vowel)+라고는
spoken: 이라곤/라곤
돈 → 돈이라고는; 가게 → 가게라고는; 먹을 것 → 먹을 것이라고는; 책 → 책이라곤
- The predicate is negative or limiting: 없다, 하나도/전혀 + 안/못, or -밖에 없다 / -뿐이다: 가진 것이라고는 이 가방뿐이다.
- Typical partners: 한 푼도, 하나도, 눈을 씻고 찾아봐도, 찾아볼 수 없다: 돈이라고는 한 푼도 없다.
- Do not confuse it with the quotative 라고 + 는 after a sentence: 그 사람이 의사라고는 안 했어요 'he didn't say he was a doctor'. This particle attaches directly to a bare noun.
Classic mistake
Wrong: 냉장고에 먹을 것이라고는 아주 많아요.
Right: 냉장고에 먹을 것이라고는 우유 한 병뿐이에요.
-(이)라고는 stresses scarcity, so it needs a negative or limiting predicate (없다, -뿐이다, -밖에 없다), not 많다.
Practise -(이)라고는 on real TOPIK questions
Hannim plans each day up to your exam date: questions on this pattern, reviews, full mock papers and graded writing. 7 days free, no card.
Start 7-day free trialMore level 6 grammar
All TOPIK grammar- -(이)라면 (강조)Picks out a noun as the topic with emphasis: 'when it comes to N, as for N'. The predicate usually expresses a strong feeling, liking, dislike or confidence (자신 있다, 질색이다, 사족을 못 쓰다).
- -(이)라고 (하찮음)In 그것도/이것도 N(이)라고, it belittles something as hardly worth the name N: 'you call that an N?'. Usually a scornful rhetorical question; turned on one's own gift, it sounds modest.
- -을랑/ㄹ랑An old-fashioned particle that singles out a thing for emphasis, usually before a prohibition or command: 'as for N, (don't) …'. Heard from older speakers, in regional-flavoured dialogue and in literature; most often met as 일랑 (그런 걱정일랑…).
- -(으)매-(으)매 is a bookish, literary way to say 'because' or 'as', linking a cause to its natural result in formal writing.
- -(으)나 -(으)나Two paired or opposite verbs/adjectives, each with -(으)나, mean 'whichever of these is the case, the following stays the same', which often amounts to 'regardless' or 'all the time'.
- -(으)락 -(으)락Joins two opposite actions or states to show that they keep switching back and forth.
- -(으)랴 -(으)랴Lists two (or more) tasks a person is juggling at the same time to stress that they are extremely busy or worn out.
- -(이)건 -(이)건N(이)건 N(이)건 lists two or more options and says that whichever one it is, the outcome stays the same.
- -(이)라 (예스러운 서술)An archaic plain (해라체) statement ending attached to 이다 and 아니다: 'X is Y.' It sounds solemn and old, as in classical texts, proverbs, historical-drama narration and poetry; modern Korean uses -(이)다.
