TOPIK I · LEVEL 1
ㄹ(리을) 탈락
Stems ending in ㄹ lose the ㄹ before endings that start with ㄴ, ㅂ or ㅅ, and they never take the extra 으: 살다 'live' → 사세요, 삽니다, 사는.
문장 끝·말투Endings & speech styleHan: An ㄹ-stem takes no 으, and before ㅅ the ㄹ drops: 살 + 세요 → 사세요.
Examples
이 단어 뜻을 아세요?Do you know what this word means?
민지 씨는 어디에 사세요?Minji, where do you live?
학교가 집에서 멀어서 지하철을 타요.School is far from home, so I take the subway.
주말에 친구들하고 저녁을 만들 거예요.I’m going to make dinner with my friends at the weekend.
Don’t mix up
ㄹ(리을) 탈락vsㄷ(디귿) 불규칙걷다 'walk' turns ㄷ into ㄹ and keeps 으 (걸으세요); 걸다 'hang, make a call' is an ㄹ-stem and drops it (전화 거세요).ㄹ(리을) 탈락vs-(으)세요 (regular)Other consonant stems add 으: 읽다 → 읽으세요. An ㄹ-stem does not: 만들다 → 만드세요.
How to build it
stem in ㄹ+ㄴ/ㅂ/ㅅ → ㄹ drops (사는, 삽니다, 사세요)
-(으)면, -(으)ㄹ → no 으 (살면, 살 거예요)
-아/어, -고, -지 → no change (살아요, 살고)
살다 → 살아요, 사세요, 삽니다, 사는, 살면, 살 거예요; 만들다 → 만드세요, 만듭니다; 알다 → 아세요, 압니다, 아는
- Before ㄴ, ㅂ, ㅅ the ㄹ drops: 사는 곳 'where I live', 삽니다, 사세요; 놀다 → 노는, 놉니다; 알다 → 아세요.
- Endings with (으) never add 으 after ㄹ: 살면 (not 살으면), 만들 거예요, 만들까요.
- Before other endings the ㄹ stays: 살아요, 살고, 살지만, 만들어요, 알아요.
- Adjectives work the same: 멀다 → 먼 곳 'a far place', 멉니다; 길다 → 긴 머리 'long hair'; 달다 → 단 음식 'sweet food'.
Classic mistake
Wrong: 어디에 살으세요?
Right: 어디에 사세요?
An ㄹ-stem takes no 으, and before ㅅ the ㄹ drops: 살 + 세요 → 사세요.
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All TOPIK grammar- -(으)시--(으)시- goes inside a verb or adjective to show respect to the person doing the action (the subject).
- -(으)세요-(으)세요 is the polite honorific ending: it shows respect to the subject in statements and questions (선생님은 책을 읽으세요), and with action verbs it politely tells or asks the listener to do something (앉으세요).
- -(으)ㅂ시다-(으)ㅂ시다 suggests doing something together: 'let's …' in a formal, polite style.
- -(으)ㄹ까요?Use -(으)ㄹ까요? to suggest something ("Shall we…?"), offer help ("Shall I…?"), or ask someone's guess ("Do you think…?").
- -이/가 아니다Negates a noun: 'is not N'. It is the negative of 이다 and conjugates like an adjective: 아니에요, 아닙니다, 아니야.
- -이다이다 is the copula 'to be': attached to a noun, it says what something is (X is Y). It conjugates like an adjective into every speech style.
- -아요/어요-아요/어요 is the everyday polite ending: add it to a verb or adjective stem to speak politely to almost anyone, about the present or habits.
- -이에요/예요-이에요/예요 means 'to be' and links a noun to the subject in polite everyday speech, as in 'X is Y.'
- -ㅂ니까/습니까Asks a question in the formal polite style (하십시오체): interviews, announcements, customer service, presentations, the military.
