TOPIK I · LEVEL 2
-께서
-께서 is the honorific subject particle: it replaces 이/가 when the subject is someone you respect.
조사ParticlesHan: With 께서 the verb must also be honorific (-(으)시-).
Examples
선생님께서 숙제를 내 주셨어요.The teacher gave us homework.
할머니께서 김치를 만드셨어요.My grandmother made kimchi.
사장님께서는 지금 회의 중이세요.The company president is in a meeting now.
Don’t mix up
-께서vs-이/가이/가 is the neutral subject particle; 께서 is used for elders and superiors in polite speech or writing.How to build it
N(respected person)+께서
할아버지 → 할아버지께서
- The verb should also take -(으)시-: 선생님께서 오셨어요.
- The topic form is 께서는 (honorific of 은/는).
Classic mistake
Wrong: 어머니께서 시장에 갔어요.
Right: 어머니께서 시장에 가셨어요.
With 께서 the verb must also be honorific (-(으)시-).
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All TOPIK grammar- -께-께 is the honorific form of 에게/한테: 'to' a person you respect.
- -씩-씩 after an amount means 'each' or 'at a time': the same amount for every person or every unit.
- -쯤-쯤 after a time, amount or place means 'about / around'.
- -마다Attached to a noun, 마다 means "every" or "each": the same thing happens with every one of those times, people, or places.
- -밖에-밖에 means 'only / nothing but' and is always followed by a negative verb.
- -보다보다 attaches to the thing you measure against, like English "than": X is more (or less) than the noun with 보다.
- -처럼/같이Attached to a noun, 처럼/같이 mean 'like N': something looks, acts or is done the same way as N.
- -에게로Marks a person or animal as the direction or destination of a movement: 'toward, to (someone)'. Mostly written or narrative; in speech 한테로.
- -에게서/한테서-에게서/한테서 marks the person something comes from: 'from (someone)'.