TOPIK II · LEVEL 5
-에도 불구하고
N에도 불구하고 'despite N, in spite of N': a known fact, expressed by a noun, that should have prevented the result, yet the result happened. Formal: news, reports, speeches.
대조·양보Contrast & concessionHan: 에도 불구하고 attaches to a noun; a verb must first be nominalised: 부상을 당했음에도 불구하고.
Examples
선수는 부상에도 불구하고 끝까지 경기를 포기하지 않았다.Despite the injury, the player did not give up until the very end.
회사의 적극적인 홍보에도 불구하고 신제품의 판매량은 기대에 미치지 못했다.Despite the company's active promotion, sales of the new product fell short of expectations.
악천후에도 불구하고 수많은 관람객이 축제 현장을 찾았다.Despite the bad weather, a great many visitors came to the festival.
Don’t mix up
-에도 불구하고vs-(으)ㅁ에도 불구하고Used when the fact is a clause with a predicate: 열심히 노력했음에도 불구하고 vs 많은 노력에도 불구하고.-에도 불구하고vs-아/어도-아/어도 can be hypothetical 'even if': 내일 비가 와도 경기는 열린다. N에도 불구하고 needs a real fact: 폭우에도 불구하고 경기가 열렸다.How to build it
N+에도 불구하고
at the start of a sentence: 그럼에도 불구하고 'nevertheless'
부상 → 부상에도 불구하고; 반대 → 반대에도 불구하고; 악천후 → 악천후에도 불구하고; 많은 노력 → 많은 노력에도 불구하고
- It attaches only to nouns. With a verb or adjective use -(으)ㅁ에도 불구하고 or -(으)ㄴ/는데도 불구하고: 부상에도 불구하고 = 부상을 당했음에도 불구하고.
- The noun is usually an abstract event or effort noun (노력, 반대, 경고, 부상, 악천후, 높은 가격), and the result clause states a fact contrary to expectation, not a command.
- 불구하고 may be dropped for a lighter style: 많은 노력에도 결과는 좋지 않았다. In everyday talk people more often say -는데도: 비가 오는데도.
Classic mistake
Wrong: 그 선수는 부상을 당했에도 불구하고 끝까지 뛰었다.
Right: 그 선수는 부상에도 불구하고 끝까지 뛰었다.
에도 불구하고 attaches to a noun; a verb must first be nominalised: 부상을 당했음에도 불구하고.
Practise -에도 불구하고 on real TOPIK questions
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All TOPIK grammar- -(으)ㄹ 망정-(으)ㄹ망정 means 'even if I have to accept this bad situation, I still won't give up something more important,' or 'although X is true, Y still holds.'
- -(으)ㄹ 테지만From -(으)ㄹ 터이지만: 'surely / probably …, but'. The speaker grants a confident assumption, often about the listener's feelings or situation, and then adds a contrasting point. A little more formal than -겠지만.
- -(으)ㄹ지언정Use it to say you would accept even something bad in the first clause, but you will firmly hold to what you say in the second: "even if X, I still (won't) Y" or "X may be so, but Y."
- -(느)ㄴ다기보다는Use it to say that a first description is not quite accurate and then give a better one: 'it's not so much X as Y.'
- -지 (대조)A linking -지 that sets what is true against what is not: 'it is A, not B' / 'it only does A and not B'. Most often met as N(이)지 N이/가 아니다; neutral, used in speech and writing.
- -아/어 봤자-아/어 봤자 says that even if you do something, it will be useless or the result will be small, so it is not worth doing.
- -고도-고도 means that even after A has actually happened, B happens or stays the opposite of what A would lead you to expect.
- -(이)란N(이)란 picks out a concept that you are about to define or explain the essence of: "N is (by its nature)…", "what we call N is…".
- -(으)ㄹ 게 뻔하다Use -(으)ㄹ 게 뻔하다 when the situation makes it plain to you that something, usually something bad, will happen or has happened.
