TOPIK II · LEVEL 5
-을/를 비롯해
N을/를 비롯해 puts the most important or representative member of a group first and then includes the others: 'including, above all, from N to the rest'.
격식 표현Formal & written phrasesHan: In the meaning 'including', 비롯하다 takes an object with 을/를; 에서 belongs to 에서 비롯되다, which means 'to originate from'.
Examples
이번 회의에는 대통령을 비롯해 여러 나라의 정상들이 참석했다.Leaders of many countries, including the president, attended this summit.
김치를 비롯한 한국의 발효 음식은 건강에 좋은 것으로 알려져 있다.Korean fermented foods, kimchi first among them, are known to be good for your health.
서울을 비롯한 대도시에서는 집값이 계속 오르고 있다.In big cities, Seoul above all, housing prices keep rising.
사장님을 비롯해서 모든 직원이 행사 준비에 힘을 모았다.Everyone, from the company president to every employee, pitched in to prepare the event.
Don’t mix up
-을/를 비롯해vsN부터부터 marks the first point in an order or sequence; 비롯해 highlights the key member of a group with no order implied: 1과부터 공부하세요 vs 김치를 비롯한 발효 음식.
-을/를 비롯해vsN을/를 포함해(서)포함해 simply adds an item to a total, often a minor one; 비롯해 puts the most important item in front: 세금을 포함해서 5만 원이에요 (not 세금을 비롯해서).
-을/를 비롯해vsN에서 비롯되다Same root, different meaning: 에서 비롯되다 means 'to stem from, originate in' and takes 에서: 이 문제는 작은 오해에서 비롯됐다.
How to build it
N+을/를 비롯해(서)+clause
N+을/를 비롯한+N
서울 → 서울을 비롯해(서) … / 서울을 비롯한 대도시
- The noun should be a prominent member of a larger group, and the sentence usually names that group (여러, 많은, 모든, 등). With a single item and no group, the pattern sounds wrong.
- Use 비롯한 directly before a noun and 비롯해(서) before the rest of the clause.
- It is formal: typical of news, reports, speeches and essays. In casual talk Koreans usually say N 같은 or N부터 … 까지 instead.
- The noun takes the object particle 을/를 (을 after a consonant, 를 after a vowel), not 에서 or 부터.
Classic mistake
Wrong: 서울에서 비롯한 대도시에서는 집값이 많이 올랐다.
Right: 서울을 비롯한 대도시에서는 집값이 많이 올랐다.
In the meaning 'including', 비롯하다 takes an object with 을/를; 에서 belongs to 에서 비롯되다, which means 'to originate from'.
Practise -을/를 비롯해 on real TOPIK questions
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All TOPIK grammar- -(으)ㅁ에 따라Use -(으)ㅁ에 따라 in formal writing to say that as one situation changes or progresses, another change follows from it.
- -(으)ㅁ으로써-(으)ㅁ으로써 presents the first action as the means or method that brings about the result in the second clause: 'by doing A, B happens'.
- -다 (표제·제목)In headlines, titles, captions and chapter headings, a verb in its bare dictionary form (stem + 다) states an event briefly and impersonally, usually one that has just happened: 'X wins', 'X opens'.
- -에 걸쳐-에 걸쳐 shows that an action or state stretches over a whole span of time, an area, or a series of occasions.
- -에 달려 있다N에 달려 있다 means that the outcome in the subject is decided by N: 'it all depends on N'.
- -에 이르기까지N에 이르기까지 marks the far end of a wide range, stressing that everything from one point all the way to N is included.
- -을/를 두고N을/를 두고 marks the issue that people argue about, debate, worry over or judge, like 'over / concerning N'.
- -을/를 계기로N을/를 계기로 means that an event or experience became the turning point that started a new action, decision or change.
- -을/를 바탕으로N을/를 바탕으로 means using N as the foundation or source material for creating, developing or judging something.