TOPIK II · LEVEL 6
-기 이를 데 없다
Says that a quality or feeling is so extreme that words cannot fully describe it: 'indescribably ~, ~ beyond words'.
정도·비교Degree & comparisonHan: The past tense belongs only on 없다 (없었다); the adjective before 기 stays in its plain form, so 기뻤기 is wrong.
Examples
산 정상에서 내려다본 경치는 아름답기 이를 데 없었다.The view looking down from the summit was indescribably beautiful.
손님 앞에서 소리를 지르다니, 그 직원의 태도는 무례하기 이를 데 없었다.Shouting in front of customers — that employee's attitude was rude beyond words.
오랜만에 고향 친구들을 만나니 반갑기 이를 데 없었다.Meeting my hometown friends after so long, I was glad beyond words.
장마철에 혼자 계곡에서 캠핑하는 것은 위험하기 이를 데 없다.Camping alone in a valley during the rainy season is extremely dangerous.
Don’t mix up
-기 이를 데 없다vs-기 짝이 없다Almost the same meaning, but 짝이 없다 leans toward criticism and negative judgments and sounds a little more colloquial: 하는 짓이 한심하기 짝이 없다.-기 이를 데 없다vs-기 그지없다Also formal, but 그지없다 is one word (no spaces) and is typical for heartfelt feelings such as gratitude or sorrow: 도와주셔서 감사하기 그지없습니다.How to build it
A+기 이를 데 없다
아름답다 → 아름답기 이를 데 없다 / 아름답기 이를 데 없었다
- Attach it mainly to adjectives of feeling or evaluation (기쁘다, 반갑다, 무례하다, 위험하다), not to action verbs like 먹다 or 가다.
- Tense and politeness go on 없다 (이를 데 없었다, 이를 데 없습니다); the adjective itself stays in the plain 기 form.
- It is formal and literary: typical of writing, speeches and narration. In casual chat it sounds exaggerated, so 정말/너무 is more natural there.
Classic mistake
Wrong: 합격 소식을 듣고 기뻤기 이를 데 없었다.
Right: 합격 소식을 듣고 기쁘기 이를 데 없었다.
The past tense belongs only on 없다 (없었다); the adjective before 기 stays in its plain form, so 기뻤기 is wrong.
Practise -기 이를 데 없다 on real TOPIK questions
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All TOPIK grammar- -(으)ㄹ 대로 -아/어서A state has gone as far as it can go, to its very limit, and this extreme state causes what follows.
- -(으)ㄹ 바를 모르다A formal way to say someone is so shocked, moved or embarrassed that they are at a complete loss about what to do.
- -(으)ㄹ 판이다-(으)ㄹ 판이다 says that things have reached a point where something bad or extreme is about to happen.
- -(으)ㄹ 나위가 없다 (더할 나위 없다)There is no room left to do more of something, so a thing is already perfect (더할 나위 없다) or too obvious to need saying (말할 나위도 없다).
- -디 (강조)Joins an adjective stem to a repeat of the same adjective to intensify it: 차디찬 'ice-cold', 희디흰 'pure white'. Literary and expressive: descriptions, poems, novels.
- -다 못해-다 못해 means that something has gone past its limit: with verbs, you can no longer bear or keep doing it and finally act; with adjectives, a state becomes so extreme that it turns into something stronger.
- -기 짝이 없다-기 짝이 없다 says a quality is so extreme that nothing can match it, usually in a strong negative judgment: 'utterly, beyond compare'.
- -기 그지없다Says in a formal, literary way that a feeling or quality is so strong it has no limit: 'extremely, beyond words'.
- -아/어 빠지다Added to a word with a negative sense, it says a person or thing is in that bad state to an extreme degree, and it carries the speaker's contempt or annoyance.
