-(으)로 나타나다
-(으)로 나타나다 'to turn out to be, to be shown as' reports what a survey, study or statistic found. It is the standard verb of survey reports and of TOPIK II writing question 53: 조사 결과 … (으)로 나타났다 'the survey showed that …'.
인용·전달Quoting & reportingHan: The figure is what the answer turned out to be, so it takes (으)로; the sentence already has its subject (응답이), and a second 이/가 makes it fall apart.
Examples
Don’t mix up
How to build it
하루 평균 사용 시간은 4시간으로 나타났다. 대학생의 62%가 아르바이트를 하는 것으로 나타났다.
- With a figure or a noun: 으로 after a final consonant (500명으로), 로 after a vowel or ㄹ (45%로 — read 퍼센트로, 1위로, 10일로). Reports almost always use the past: 나타났다 (news: 나타났습니다).
- To report a whole fact, turn the clause into -(으)ㄴ/는 것으로: 응답자의 절반이 매일 운동하는 것으로 나타났다 'half the respondents were found to exercise every day'. With an adverb it compares: 여성이 남성보다 높게 나타났다.
- A chart description usually opens with who was asked and about what: OO이/가 N을/를 대상으로 OO에 대해 조사한 결과 … 'when OO surveyed N about OO …'. Near synonyms: (으)로 조사되었다 'was found in the survey to be', 응답했다 'answered'.
- Without (으)로, N이/가 나타나다 simply means 'N appeared' (a person, a symptom): 갑자기 고양이가 나타났다. In reports N이/가 나타나다 still means “showed up” (차이가 뚜렷하게 나타났다 “a clear difference showed up”), but a figure or a finding is given with (으)로.
Classic mistake
Wrong: 조사 결과 '건강'이라는 응답이 45%가 가장 높게 나타났다.
Right: 조사 결과 '건강'이라는 응답이 45%로 가장 높게 나타났다.
The figure is what the answer turned out to be, so it takes (으)로; the sentence already has its subject (응답이), and a second 이/가 makes it fall apart.
Practise -(으)로 나타나다 on real TOPIK questions
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All TOPIK grammar- -(으)ㄴ/는 양Describes someone acting or looking as if something were true when it really isn't: 'as if / pretending that'.
- -(느)ㄴ다니 (전달 의문)A casual plain-style question asking what a third person said: short for -다고 하니?, as in 언제 온다니? 'When does he say he's coming?'
- -(느)ㄴ다는 것이Use it when you meant to do one thing but by mistake ended up doing something else.
- -노라고-노라고 (usually followed by 했는데 or 했지만) means "I really did try to do it," often said modestly when the result was not as good as hoped.
- -답시고-답시고 sarcastically repeats someone's claimed reason or purpose ("supposedly to…"), hinting that the action was pointless, clumsy or made things worse.
- -(느)ㄴ다는 + N-(느)ㄴ다는 + N gives the content of news, rumours, ideas or claims: 'the news that …'.
- -(으)나-(으)나 is a formal written 'but / however', linking two contrasting clauses.
- -(으)되-(으)되 states or allows a first action and then adds a condition or limit to it, in a formal or written style.
- -(이)면 (조사)Attaches to a noun to mean 'if it is N / whenever it is N'; repeated as N(이)면 N, it means 'in every field, whatever you name'.
