TOPIK II · LEVEL 5
-기에 따라(서)
'Depending on how one …': the result or judgment changes with the way something is done, seen or thought about. Common in set phrases such as 보기에 따라, 생각하기에 따라, 하기에 따라.
조건·가정Conditions & what-ifsHan: No tense marker goes before -기에 따라; time is shown in the final verb.
Examples
이 문제는 보기에 따라서 간단할 수도 있고 복잡할 수도 있다.Depending on how you look at it, this problem can be simple or complicated.
같은 실패도 받아들이기에 따라 좋은 경험이 될 수 있다.Even the same failure can become a good experience, depending on how you take it.
회사의 미래는 우리가 지금 어떻게 하기에 따라 달라질 것이다.The company's future will depend on what we do now.
Don’t mix up
-기에 따라(서)vsN에 따라(서)N에 따라 depends on a thing or category: 지역에 따라 가격이 달라요; -기에 따라 on how someone acts or thinks: 노력하기에 따라 결과가 달라요.
-기에 따라(서)vs-기 나름이다-기 나름이다 ends the sentence ('it all depends on how you …'): 성공은 노력하기 나름이다; -기에 따라 links to a clause that varies: 노력하기에 따라 결과가 달라진다.How to build it
V+기에 따라(서) (+ 다르다 / 달라지다)
보다 → 보기에 따라; 생각하다 → 생각하기에 따라; 하다 → 하기에 따라서; 받아들이다 → 받아들이기에 따라
- It is usually followed by 다르다, 달라지다, 결정되다 or by two possible outcomes (-(으)ㄹ 수도 있고 -(으)ㄹ 수도 있다).
- It goes mainly with verbs of seeing, thinking and doing: 보다, 생각하다, 받아들이다, 마음먹다, 하다. No tense before 기.
- It focuses on the doer's way of acting or attitude, unlike N에 따라, which depends on a thing or category (날씨에 따라, 사람에 따라).
- With 는 it can stress one possible view: 보기에 따라서는 무례하게 느껴질 수 있다.
Classic mistake
Wrong: 우리가 어떻게 했기에 따라 결과가 달라질 거예요.
Right: 우리가 어떻게 하기에 따라 결과가 달라질 거예요.
No tense marker goes before -기에 따라; time is shown in the final verb.
Practise -기에 따라(서) on real TOPIK questions
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All TOPIK grammar- -(으)ㄹ 테면From -(으)ㄹ 터이면 'if you intend to': makes someone's intention the condition. Mostly met in the blunt set phrase -(으)ㄹ 테면 -아/어 봐(라) 'go ahead, if you dare' or the indifferent -(으)ㄹ 테면 -아/어라 'do it if you want, I don't care'; plain-style speech.
- -(으)면 몰라도'If it were …, maybe, but (not otherwise)': names the one case in which something might be possible or acceptable, then denies it for the real situation. The second clause is usually negative.
- -(으)ㄴ/는 이상Treats a fact as already settled, so the second clause states what must, will, or inevitably has to follow: 'since (it's a given that) ~'.
- -(이)라야N(이)라야 says that being N is the required condition for what follows ("only if it is N / it has to be N"); it can also downplay something as "merely N".
- -(느)ㄴ다고 치다-(느)ㄴ다고 치다 means 'let's suppose/grant that ~' and treats something as true for the sake of argument, a calculation, or a concession, even if it may not really be so.
- -지 않고서는'Unless you (first) do X, Y is impossible': it stresses that X is an indispensable condition.
- -았/었더라면-았/었더라면 means 'if (something) had happened', imagining a past that did not happen, usually with regret or relief.
- -느니 (차라리)-느니 (차라리) means that both options are bad, but the speaker would sooner do the second one than the first.
- -(이)란N(이)란 picks out a concept that you are about to define or explain the essence of: "N is (by its nature)…", "what we call N is…".
