TOPIK II · LEVEL 5
-(으)ㄴ/는 이상
Treats a fact as already settled, so the second clause states what must, will, or inevitably has to follow: 'since (it's a given that) ~'.
조건·가정Conditions & what-ifsHan: Signing is a completed action (note 이미), so the past form -(으)ㄴ 이상 is needed; -는 이상 is for situations that are still ongoing.
Examples
이 회사에 들어온 이상 최선을 다할 생각이에요.Now that I've joined this company, I intend to give it my best.
한번 약속한 이상 꼭 지켜야 합니다.Once you've made a promise, you have to keep it.
확실한 증거가 없는 이상 그 사람을 범인으로 볼 수는 없어요.As long as there's no clear evidence, we can't regard that person as the culprit.
특별한 사정이 없는 이상 회의는 예정대로 진행됩니다.Unless there are special circumstances, the meeting will go ahead as scheduled.
Don’t mix up
-(으)ㄴ/는 이상vs-(으)니까-(으)니까 gives any ordinary reason and can be followed by a past result (비가 오니까 길이 막혔어요); -(으)ㄴ 이상 presents a settled fact that leaves no choice (시작한 이상 끝까지 해야 해요).-(으)ㄴ/는 이상vs-는 한-는 한 sets a condition that holds 'as long as' it lasts (내가 살아 있는 한 너를 지켜 줄게); -(으)ㄴ 이상 takes an already established fact as grounds (이 일을 맡은 이상 책임지겠습니다).
How to build it
V+(으)ㄴ 이상 (completed action)
V+는 이상 (ongoing state)
A+(으)ㄴ 이상, 없다/있다+는 이상
N+인 이상
시작하다 → 시작한 이상, 살다 → 사는 이상, 학생 → 학생인 이상
- The second clause is usually an obligation, resolution, advice or unavoidable conclusion (-아야 하다, -겠다, -(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다, -(으)ㄹ 수 없다, -(으)세요); it does not report a simple past event like *그만둔 이상 집에서 쉬었어요.
- With action verbs, use -(으)ㄴ 이상 for a decision or action already done (약속한 이상, 결정한 이상) and -는 이상 for a continuing situation (한국에 사는 이상). A future form (*할 이상) does not exist.
- In the negative (-지 않는 이상, 없는 이상, 아닌 이상) it usually means 'unless': 특별한 일이 없는 이상 = unless something unusual happens.
- It sounds firm and fairly formal; in casual talk about everyday reasons, -(으)니까 is more natural.
Classic mistake
Wrong: 이미 계약서에 사인하는 이상 이제 와서 취소할 수는 없어요.
Right: 이미 계약서에 사인한 이상 이제 와서 취소할 수는 없어요.
Signing is a completed action (note 이미), so the past form -(으)ㄴ 이상 is needed; -는 이상 is for situations that are still ongoing.
Practise -(으)ㄴ/는 이상 on real TOPIK questions
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All TOPIK grammar- -(으)ㄹ 테면From -(으)ㄹ 터이면 'if you intend to': makes someone's intention the condition. Mostly met in the blunt set phrase -(으)ㄹ 테면 -아/어 봐(라) 'go ahead, if you dare' or the indifferent -(으)ㄹ 테면 -아/어라 'do it if you want, I don't care'; plain-style speech.
- -(으)면 몰라도'If it were …, maybe, but (not otherwise)': names the one case in which something might be possible or acceptable, then denies it for the real situation. The second clause is usually negative.
- -(이)라야N(이)라야 says that being N is the required condition for what follows ("only if it is N / it has to be N"); it can also downplay something as "merely N".
- -(느)ㄴ다고 치다-(느)ㄴ다고 치다 means 'let's suppose/grant that ~' and treats something as true for the sake of argument, a calculation, or a concession, even if it may not really be so.
- -지 않고서는'Unless you (first) do X, Y is impossible': it stresses that X is an indispensable condition.
- -았/었더라면-았/었더라면 means 'if (something) had happened', imagining a past that did not happen, usually with regret or relief.
- -느니 (차라리)-느니 (차라리) means that both options are bad, but the speaker would sooner do the second one than the first.
- -기에 따라(서)'Depending on how one …': the result or judgment changes with the way something is done, seen or thought about. Common in set phrases such as 보기에 따라, 생각하기에 따라, 하기에 따라.
- -(이)란N(이)란 picks out a concept that you are about to define or explain the essence of: "N is (by its nature)…", "what we call N is…".
