TOPIK II · LEVEL 6
-깨나
A particle meaning 'a fair amount of, quite some N', used in set combinations such as 돈깨나 있다, 힘깨나 쓰다, 고생깨나 하다. Colloquial, often slightly ironic or dismissive.
정도·비교Degree & comparisonHan: After a noun the particle is spelled 깨나; 꽤나 is the adverb.
Examples
어릴 때 부모님 속깨나 썩였지요.I gave my parents quite a lot of grief when I was little.
한때 이름깨나 날리던 배우가 지금은 작은 식당을 운영하고 있다.An actor who was once quite famous now runs a small restaurant.
돈깨나 있다고 남을 무시하는 사람은 존경받기 어렵다.People who look down on others just because they have some money are hard to respect.
Don’t mix up
-깨나vs꽤 / 꽤나꽤(나) is an adverb before a predicate: 꽤나 비싸다. 깨나 follows a noun: 돈깨나 들었다.
-깨나vs-(이)나 (수량)-(이)나 after a number shows surprise at a specific amount: 세 시간이나 기다렸다. 깨나 is vague 'a good deal': 고생깨나 했다.
How to build it
N+깨나 (in place of 을/를 or 이/가)
돈 → 돈깨나 있다; 힘 → 힘깨나 쓰다; 고생 → 고생깨나 했다; 속 → 속깨나 썩이다; 이름 → 이름깨나 날리다
- It attaches straight to the noun and replaces the case particle: 돈깨나 있다, not 돈을깨나.
- It lives in a small set of combinations: 돈깨나 있다, 힘깨나 쓰다, 고생깨나 하다, 속깨나 썩이다, 애깨나 먹다, 술깨나 마시다, 이름깨나 날리다.
- The tone is often ironic about someone showing off (돈깨나 있다고 거들먹거린다); it is not used in formal writing.
- Spelling: the particle is 깨나. 꽤나 is the adverb 꽤 + 나 and stands before a verb or adjective: 꽤나 춥다.
Classic mistake
Wrong: 그 사람 돈꽤나 있는 모양이야.
Right: 그 사람 돈깨나 있는 모양이야.
After a noun the particle is spelled 깨나; 꽤나 is the adverb.
Practise -깨나 on real TOPIK questions
Hannim plans each day up to your exam date: questions on this pattern, reviews, full mock papers and graded writing. 7 days free, no card.
Start 7-day free trialMore level 6 grammar
All TOPIK grammar- -(으)ㄹ 대로 -아/어서A state has gone as far as it can go, to its very limit, and this extreme state causes what follows.
- -(으)ㄹ 바를 모르다A formal way to say someone is so shocked, moved or embarrassed that they are at a complete loss about what to do.
- -(으)ㄹ 판이다-(으)ㄹ 판이다 says that things have reached a point where something bad or extreme is about to happen.
- -(으)ㄹ 나위가 없다 (더할 나위 없다)There is no room left to do more of something, so a thing is already perfect (더할 나위 없다) or too obvious to need saying (말할 나위도 없다).
- -디 (강조)Joins an adjective stem to a repeat of the same adjective to intensify it: 차디찬 'ice-cold', 희디흰 'pure white'. Literary and expressive: descriptions, poems, novels.
- -다 못해-다 못해 means that something has gone past its limit: with verbs, you can no longer bear or keep doing it and finally act; with adjectives, a state becomes so extreme that it turns into something stronger.
- -기 이를 데 없다Says that a quality or feeling is so extreme that words cannot fully describe it: 'indescribably ~, ~ beyond words'.
- -기 짝이 없다-기 짝이 없다 says a quality is so extreme that nothing can match it, usually in a strong negative judgment: 'utterly, beyond compare'.
- -기 그지없다Says in a formal, literary way that a feeling or quality is so strong it has no limit: 'extremely, beyond words'.