TOPIK II · LEVEL 3
-(으)ㄴ 결과
Presents what came out of a completed action or process: 'as a result of doing A, B'. Formal; common in reports, news and essays.
이유·원인Reason & causeHan: A result comes from a finished action, so use the past modifier -(으)ㄴ, not -는.
Examples
매일 꾸준히 연습한 결과 발음이 많이 좋아졌어요.As a result of practising steadily every day, my pronunciation improved a lot.
실험을 여러 번 반복한 결과 새로운 사실이 밝혀졌다.Repeating the experiment several times revealed a new fact.
직장인 500명을 대상으로 조사한 결과 70%가 점심시간이 부족하다고 답했다.A survey of 500 office workers found that 70% said their lunch break is too short.
Don’t mix up
-(으)ㄴ 결과vs-아서/어서-아서/어서 is an everyday cause; -(으)ㄴ 결과 is formal and puts weight on the outcome: 열심히 공부해서 합격했어요 vs 꾸준히 노력한 결과 합격할 수 있었다.-(으)ㄴ 결과vs-(으)ㄴ 끝에-(으)ㄴ 끝에 stresses a long struggle before the outcome; 결과 is a neutral result, often of research: 오랫동안 고민한 끝에 결정했다 vs 설문 조사를 한 결과 만족도가 높았다.How to build it
V+(으)ㄴ 결과(로)
N+결과
조사하다 → 조사한 결과; 노력하다 → 노력한 결과; 먹다 → 먹은 결과; 살다 → 산 결과; 조사 → 조사 결과
- The action is finished, so the modifier is always -(으)ㄴ: 조사한 결과, not 조사하는 결과.
- In reports it is usually followed by a finding: …한 결과 ~(으)로 나타났다 / 밝혀졌다 / ~다는 것을 알 수 있었다.
- It sounds formal; in everyday speech -아서/어서 or -았/었더니 is more natural.
Classic mistake
Wrong: 설문 조사를 하는 결과 대부분이 만족했다.
Right: 설문 조사를 한 결과 대부분이 만족한 것으로 나타났다.
A result comes from a finished action, so use the past modifier -(으)ㄴ, not -는.
Practise -(으)ㄴ 결과 on real TOPIK questions
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All TOPIK grammar- -(으)ㄹ 테니까-(으)ㄹ 테니까 gives the speaker's intention ('I will…') or strong guess ('it will probably…') as the reason for a request or suggestion to the listener.
- -(으)ㄴ/는 탓에-(으)ㄴ/는 탓에 gives the cause of a bad result and puts the blame on that cause.
- -(으)ㄴ/는 덕분에Use -(으)ㄴ/는 덕분에 to say that something good happened thanks to a person, action or situation.
- -(느)ㄴ다고 (이유·의도)Gives the reason or intention behind an action as the subject stated or thought it: 'saying that…, because (as he put it)…, intending to…'. It often carries a light note of excuse or irony.
- -다 보니(까)-다 보니(까) means 'as I kept doing A, I came to realize / it turned out B'.
- -기 때문에-기 때문에 states a reason clearly and firmly, like 'because', and is mainly used in explanations, not in requests or suggestions.
- -는 바람에Names a sudden, unexpected event as the reason something bad or unwanted happened.
- -아/어 가지고-아/어 가지고 is a casual spoken 'and so / having done A': a reason, or A done first and kept for B.
- -아/어서 그런지-아/어서 그런지 gives a possible reason the speaker isn't sure of: 'maybe because …'.
