TOPIK II · LEVEL 4
-(으)로 인해(서)
-(으)로 인해(서) means 'due to / because of' (a cause), in formal speech and writing.
이유·원인Reason & causeHan: (으)로 인해 is too formal for casual speech; use 때문에.
Examples
폭설로 인해 항공편이 취소되었습니다.Flights were cancelled due to heavy snow.
교통사고로 인해 길이 많이 막혔다.The road was badly jammed because of a car accident.
스트레스로 인한 질병이 늘고 있다.Illnesses caused by stress are increasing.
Don’t mix up
-(으)로 인해(서)vs-때문에때문에 is everyday 'because of'; (으)로 인해 sounds formal and objective, typical of news.
How to build it
N(vowel or ㄹ)+로 인해(서)
N(consonant)+으로 인해(서)
사고 → 사고로 인해, 폭설 → 폭설로 인해
- Before a noun: N(으)로 인한 N: 스트레스로 인한 병.
- Common in news and reports; in conversation 때문에 is usual.
Classic mistake
Wrong: 비가 오는 것으로 인해서 늦었어 (to a friend).
Right: 비 때문에 늦었어.
(으)로 인해 is too formal for casual speech; use 때문에.
Practise -(으)로 인해(서) on real TOPIK questions
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All TOPIK grammar- -(으)ㄴ/는 만큼-(으)ㄴ/는 만큼 links two things in equal measure ("as much as") or gives a known fact as grounds for what should follow ("since / given that").
- -(으)므로-(으)므로 gives a reason in formal or written Korean: "because / since …, therefore …".
- -고 해서-고 해서 gives one reason among several: 'partly because …, (and so)'.
- -아/어서인지Gives a reason the speaker is not sure of: 'maybe because…, perhaps since…'. It is a compact, slightly more written equivalent of -아/어서 그런지.
- -기에 (망정이지)A-기에 망정이지 B means 'luckily A happened; otherwise the bad outcome B would have happened.'
- -(으)나-(으)나 is a formal written 'but / however', linking two contrasting clauses.
- -(으)되-(으)되 states or allows a first action and then adds a condition or limit to it, in a formal or written style.
- -(이)면 (조사)Attaches to a noun to mean 'if it is N / whenever it is N'; repeated as N(이)면 N, it means 'in every field, whatever you name'.
- -(으)ㄹ 게 아니라Use it to say that doing X is not the right move, so you should do Y instead: "rather than doing X, do Y."
