TOPIK II · LEVEL 4
-(으)ㄴ/는 바
바 is a formal noun meaning 'what / the fact that' someone did, said or thinks, used mainly in writing, speeches and the news.
명사형·관형형Making nouns & modifiersHan: 바 있다 belongs to formal writing and news; in casual talk with a friend, personal experience is expressed with 적(이) 있다.
Examples
이번 봉사 활동을 통해 느낀 바가 많습니다.This volunteer work gave me a lot to think about.
정부는 이 문제에 대해 여러 차례 입장을 밝힌 바 있다.The government has stated its position on this issue several times.
갑자기 질문을 받아서 어찌할 바를 몰랐다.I was suddenly asked a question and didn't know what to do.
앞에서 말씀드린 바와 같이 이번 행사는 다음 달로 연기되었습니다.As I mentioned earlier, this event has been postponed to next month.
Don’t mix up
-(으)ㄴ/는 바vs-(으)ㄴ 적이 있다Both express past experience, but 적이 있다 is everyday personal speech, while 바 있다 is for formal reports and official records: 제주도에 가 본 적이 있어요 vs 그 회사는 작년에도 비슷한 제품을 출시한 바 있다.
-(으)ㄴ/는 바vs-(으)ㄴ/는 것것 is the neutral 'thing/fact' for any register; choose 바 only in formal writing or speeches: 제가 들은 것은 달라요 vs 제가 들은 바에 따르면 일정이 바뀌었습니다.
-(으)ㄴ/는 바vs-(으)ㄴ/는 대로Both can mean 'as', but 대로 is conversational and means 'in the same way as', while 바와 같이 is a formal 'as stated': 배운 대로 해 보세요 vs 보고서에서 밝힌 바와 같이.How to build it
V+(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 바
말씀드리다 → 말씀드린 바와 같이; 느끼다 → 느끼는 바가 많다
- It is formal. In everyday conversation Koreans normally use 것 (or 적 for experience) instead; 바 in casual speech sounds stiff or odd.
- It usually appears in set frames: -(으)ㄴ 바와 같이 'as ~', -(으)ㄴ 바 있다/없다 'has (never) done', -는 바가 크다/많다, -(으)ㄹ 바를 모르다 'not know what to do'.
- Choose the modifier by time: -(으)ㄴ 바 for something already done (말씀드린 바), -는 바 for a current feeling or wish (바라는 바), -(으)ㄹ 바 mostly in idioms (어찌할 바).
- As a noun, 바 is written with a space (말한 바). The connective ending -(으)ㄴ바 'having done…, (it turned out)' is written attached: 조사한바 문제가 없었다.
Classic mistake
Wrong: 친구야, 나 거기 가 본 바 있어.
Right: 친구야, 나 거기 가 본 적 있어.
바 있다 belongs to formal writing and news; in casual talk with a friend, personal experience is expressed with 적(이) 있다.
Practise -(으)ㄴ/는 바 on real TOPIK questions
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Start 7-day free trialMore level 4 grammar
All TOPIK grammar- -(으)나-(으)나 is a formal written 'but / however', linking two contrasting clauses.
- -(으)되-(으)되 states or allows a first action and then adds a condition or limit to it, in a formal or written style.
- -(이)면 (조사)Attaches to a noun to mean 'if it is N / whenever it is N'; repeated as N(이)면 N, it means 'in every field, whatever you name'.
- -(으)ㄹ 게 아니라Use it to say that doing X is not the right move, so you should do Y instead: "rather than doing X, do Y."
- -(으)ㄹ 무렵-(으)ㄹ 무렵 means 'around the time when …'.
- -(으)ㄹ 리가 없다Use -(으)ㄹ 리가 없다 when you are convinced that something cannot possibly be true or happen, based on what you know.
- -(으)로 인해(서)-(으)로 인해(서) means 'due to / because of' (a cause), in formal speech and writing.
- -(으)ㄹ 바에는Use -(으)ㄹ 바에는 to say that if the only way is to do this unpleasant thing, you would rather do something else instead.
- -(으)ㄹ 법하다-(으)ㄹ 법하다 says that something is quite plausible or would be natural to expect, given the situation or common sense.
